Thermodynamics Notes With JEE NEET MCQS Physics Class 11 CBSE Study Material Full Chapter Download pdf-Anand Classes

Thermodynamics Notes Physics Class 11 CBSE Study Material Full Chapter Summary

1. Thermodynamics Basics:

• Definition: Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of heat, work, and the related processes.
• It involves the analysis of energy transformations and the properties of matter.

2. System and Surroundings:

• System: The part of the universe under consideration.
• Surroundings: Everything outside the system.

3. Types of Systems:

• Isolated System: No exchange of matter or energy with the surroundings.
• Closed System: Exchange of energy but not matter.
• Open System: Exchange of both energy and matter.

4. Thermodynamic Processes:

• Isothermal Process: Constant temperature ($\Delta T=0$).
• Adiabatic Process: No heat exchange ($Q=0$).
• Isobaric Process: Constant pressure.
• Isovolumetric (Isochoric) Process: Constant volume.

5. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics:

• If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

6. First Law of Thermodynamics:

• Energy Conservation: Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only change forms.
• $Q=\Delta U+W$
• $Q$ is heat added, $\Delta U$ is change in internal energy, and $W$ is work done.

7. Work Done in Different Processes:

• $W=P\cdot \Delta V$ for isobaric processes.
• W=nRT⋅ln(V_i/​V_f​​) for adiabatic processes.

8. Specific Heat Capacity:

• $Q=mc\Delta T$
• $m$ is mass, $c$ is specific heat capacity, and $\Delta T$ is temperature change.

9. Second Law of Thermodynamics:

• Clausius Statement: Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder system to a hotter system.
• Kelvin-Planck Statement: No process is possible whose sole result is the complete conversion of heat into work.

10. Carnot Engine:

• Most efficient engine operating between two temperatures.
• Efficiency η=1−T_h​/T_c​​

11. Entropy:

• A measure of the disorder or randomness of a system.
• ΔS=TQ​

12. Third Law of Thermodynamics:

• As the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero, the entropy of the system approaches a minimum value.

13. Heat Engines and Refrigerators:

• Heat Engine: Converts heat into work.
• Refrigerator: Transfers heat from a low-temperature reservoir to a high-temperature reservoir.

14. Thermodynamic Processes on P-V and T-S Diagrams:

• Understanding processes on pressure-volume (P-V) and temperature-entropy (T-S) diagrams.

15. Enthalpy:

• Enthalpy ($H$) is defined as $H=U+PV$.
• It represents the total heat content of a system.

16. Gibbs Free Energy:

• Gibbs Free Energy ($G$) is defined as $G=H-TS$.
• It helps predict whether a process will be spontaneous at constant temperature and pressure.

17. Maxwell’s Relations:

• Mathematical relationships among partial derivatives of thermodynamic potentials.

18. Joule-Thomson Effect:

• Cooling or heating of a gas when it expands or is compressed without exchange of heat with the surroundings.

19. Real Gases and Van der Waals Equation:

• Deviations of real gases from ideal behavior.
• Van der Waals equation corrects for non-ideal behavior.

20. Applications of Thermodynamics:

• Widely applied in engineering, including power plants, refrigeration systems, and various industrial processes.
• Understanding thermodynamics is crucial in the design and optimization of energy systems.

Tips for Class 11 Physics Thermodynamics:

• Understand the laws of thermodynamics thoroughly, as they form the foundation for many concepts.
• Practice solving numerical problems to strengthen problem-solving skills.
• Visualize thermodynamic processes on P-V and T-S diagrams for better conceptual clarity.
• Relate theoretical concepts to real-world applications to appreciate the relevance of thermodynamics.

Important Formulas:

• First Law: $Q=\Delta U+W$
• Work in isobaric process: $W=P\cdot \Delta V$
• Efficiency of Carnot Engine: η=1−T_h/​T_c​​
• Entropy Change: ΔS=TQ​
• Enthalpy:$H=U+PV$
• Gibbs Free Energy: $G=H-TS$

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